Tripura Board Class 12 Biology Syllabus
SUBJECT : BIOLOGY
(Class – XII)
BIOLOGY
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS XII (Theory)
One Paper Time : 3 Hours Marks : 70 Marks
Unit Title Marks
I Reproduction in Organisms 14
II Genetics and Evolution 18
III Biology and Human Welfare 14
IV Biotechnology and its applications 10
V Ecology and Environment 14
Total 70
UNIT I. REPRODUCTION (35 periods) :
Reproduction in Organisms
** Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for the continuation of species.
** Modes of reproduction – Asexual and Sexual
Asexual Reproduction
** Uniparental
** Modes – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation, regeneration.
** Vegetative propagation in plants.
** Micropropagation.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
** Flower structure
** Development of male and female gametophytes.
** Pollination – types-agencies and examples.
** Outbreeding devices.
** Pollen – Pistil Interaction.
** Double fertilization.
** Post Fertilization events.
** Development of endosperm & embryo.
** Development of seed and formation of fruit.
** Seed development.
** Fruit Formation.
** Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.
** Significance of seed and fruit formation.
Human Reproduction
** Male and female reproductive systems.
** Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary.
** Gametogenesis – spermatogenesis & oogenesis.
** Menstrual cycle.
** Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation.
** Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary Idea).
** Parturition (Elementary Idea).
** Lactation (Elementary Idea).
Reproductive Health
** Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD).
** Birth Control – Need and Methods.
** Contraception & Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
** Amniocentesis.
** Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT II. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (45 periods) :
Reproduction in Organisms
** Heredity and variation.
Mendelian Inheritance
** Deviations from Mendelism : Incomplete, dominance, co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy.
** Elementary idea of Polygenic Inheritance.
** Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
** Chromosomes and genes.
Sex determination
** In humans, birds, honey bee.
Linkage and crossing over
** Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness.
Mendelian disorders in humans
** Chromosomal disorders in humans.
** Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material
** Structure of DNA and RNA.
** DNA packaging.
** DNA replication
** Central dogma.
** Transcription, genetic code, translation.
** Gene expression and regulation.
** Genome and Human Genome project.
** DNA finger printing.
Evolution
** Origin of life.
Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological from comparative anatomy and embryology and molecular evidence)
** Dorwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution.
** Hardy – Weinberg’s principle.
Mechanism of evolution – Variation (Mutation & Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection.
** Gene flow and genetic drift.
** Adaptive Radiation, Human evolution
UNIT III. BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE (35 periods) :
Health and Disease
** Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines.
** Pathogens, parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm).
** Cancer, HIV and AIDS.
** Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Insects and human welfare
** Silk, Honey, Lac.
Improvement in food production
** Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein.
** Biofortification, Animal husbandary.
Microbes in human welfare
** In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT IV. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION (30 periods) :
Principles and process of Biotechnology
** Genetics engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture
** Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy.
** Genetically modified organisms – Bt crops.
** Biosafety Issues.
** Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT V. ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT (35 periods) :
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche
** Organisms and environment.
Population and ecological adaptations
** Population Interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism.
** Population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate.
** Age distribution.
Ecosystems
** Patterns , components, energy flow, nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous), decomposition and productivity.
** Pyramids of number, biomass energy.
** Ecological succession.
** Ecological Services : Carbon fixation, Pollination, Oxygen release.
Biodiversity and its conservation
** Threats to, and need for biodiversity conservation.
** Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book.
** Biodiversity conservation – biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.
Environmental Issues
** Air Pollution and its control
** Water pollution and its control
** Agrochemicals and their effects.
** Solid waste management.
** Radioactive waste management.
** Greenhouse effect and global warming.
** Ozone depletion, deforestation.
** Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
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